Colon cancer: from Praxagoras to robotic surgery
Cáncer de colon: desde Praxágoras hasta la cirugía robótica
Resumen:
Diseases of the colon include a huge range of functional and organic pathological states, inflammatory andtumors, medical and/or surgical treatments both in urgency and in coordination, which surgeons face with increasing frequency. Due to the important diversity of pathologies that occur in this sector of the digestive tract and that generate great challenges for its correct treatment, the surgeon needs specific and updated training.Colorectal cancer is one of the neoplasms with the highest incidence and mortality today. Although in times colon tumors were described in ancient Egypt and other cultures, it was not until the 18th century that develop the treatment of this disease, mainly linked to a better understanding of the anatomy and organ pathophysiology. Treatment options for colorectal cancer have evolved significantly up to our days, since the first successful colon cancer resection was published in 1833. With the passing of time and the evolution of knowledge, conventional surgery has gradually developed, currently achieving established and accepted quality standards throughout the world. The change in the paradigm "to large incisions, large surgeons", in search of offering a better quality of care with less tissue trauma and faster recovery, led to the appearance of minimally invasive surgery. The development of the laparoscopic approach described more than 100 years ago by Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879-1937), a Swedish internist in 1910, has now been consolidated as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Despite this new approach being known, it was not until 1981 that the first successful minimally invasive surgical procedure was performed, an appendectomy performed by the German gynecologist Kurt Kart Semm, a fact that led to the request for the suspension of medical activity at the time. of the German Association of Surgeons. He today is considered the father of Modern Laparoscopy. The implantation of the laparoscopic approach in colonic pathology was carried out in 1990, by Moises Jacobs in the USA, who reports the first laparoscopic colectomy for benign pathology. However, its acceptance for treatment in malignant pathologies has been slower and has often been criticized due to the need to demonstrate that oncological principles are met, with similar percentages of complications and the same long-term results are obtained.Despite the difficulties and framed in the immediacy imposed by the social context, where it also takes on specialthe aesthetic result is relevant, with less morbidity and risks, and rapid return to work, this new approach toachieved rapid acceptance by the community in general and surgeons in particular. Undoubtedly, this new type of approach, called laparoscopy, is currently considered one of the great advances in modern surgery. It has also meant a fundamental change in postoperative recovery, in morbidity related to surgery, with lower cost and better quality of care. The fundamental objective of minimally invasive colon cancer surgery is to achieve similar oncological results and a better quality of life for patients, reducing both the trauma on the abdominal wall, with less possibilities of hernias and infections, less pain and, consequently, a faster recovery.In this same line of thought, other forms of minimally invasive approach arise: through a robot (2002), endoscopic surgery through natural orifices (NOTES 2004) and single port surgery, the latter 2 still without consensus on its use for colon cancer. Robots in surgery offer a new way of practicing it, it is called robotic surgery and is considered by many authors as the future of surgery. Despite being a relatively new procedure in surgical practice, it has made important advances in a short time with great impact on the community of surgeons because it has numerous advantages that help improve surgical techniques and promote the teaching of surgery.Robotic surgery offers clear advantages over laparoscopic surgery, three-dimensional vision, greater dexterity,use of articulated instruments, greater range of movements, decreased tremor, better point of support and a comfortable ergonomic position for the surgeon, also offering the possibility of telesurgery (surgeons operating remotely), which especially facilitates teaching. These improvements make it possible to manipulate tissues and operate more more accurate, with better results for patients. The main disadvantages of this new surgery model are their high cost, their size, their delicate connections prone to damage, and the difficulty in addressing different it is abdominal regions in the same patient, which require disassembly and reassembly of instruments, prolonging surgical and anesthetic time. In our environment this technology is not yet available for the treatment of surgical pathologies. Undoubtedly, these advances in the surgical treatment of colon cancer, added to the appearance of new adjuvant treatment protocols, have achieved an improvement in the evolution and prognosis of affected patients, due to a significant reduction in complications and mortality and an increase in long-term survival.Although it is difficult to envision the future of surgery, we believe that education is the first step towards the safe use ofautomated medical technology, we must renew undergraduate and postgraduate training. We are in a new universe of surgery, where interdisciplinary work is essential and primary, and human-machine interaction (protocolization and automation, robotic surgery, image guidance and simulation) are essential to improve the results in surgical care. For this, it is essential to have a surgical block (Hybrid Operating Rooms) with facilities equipped with complete surgical capabilities, CT and MRI scanners, fixed C-arms, associated with other techniques (ultrasound, fluoroscopy, endoscopy) and personnel trained in their use. them and surgical procedures.
Las enfermedades del colon, incluyen una enorme gama de estados patológicos funcionales y orgánicos, inflamatorios ytumorales, de tratamientos médicos y/o quirúrgicos tanto en la urgencia como en la coordinación, que cada vez enfrentamos con mayor frecuencia los cirujanos. Debido a la importante diversidad de patologías que ocurren en este sector del tubo digestivo y que generan grandes desafíos para su correcto tratamiento, el cirujano necesita una formación especifica y actualizada.El cáncer colorrectal es una de las neoplasias con mayor incidencia y mortalidad en la actualidad. Aunque ya en épocasantiguas en Egipto y otras culturas se describieron los tumores del colon, no fue hasta el siglo XVIII cuando empezó adesarrollarse el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, principalmente vinculado a una mejor comprensión de la anatomía yfisiopatología del órgano. Las opciones terapéuticas del cáncer colorrectal han evolucionado de forma importante hastanuestros días, desde la primera resección de un cáncer de colon exitosa publicada en 1833. Con el devenir del tiempo y la evolución en el conocimiento la cirugía convencional se ha desarrollado paulatinamente logrando en la actualidad estándares de calidad establecidos y aceptados en todo el mundo. El cambio en el paradigma “a grandes incisiones, grandes cirujanos”, en busca de ofrecer mejor calidad de asistencia con menor trauma de los tejidos y una recuperación más rápida, llevaron a la aparición de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. El desarrollo del abordaje laparoscópico descrito hace ma?s de 100 an?os, por Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879-1937), medico internista Sueco en 1910, se ha consolidado en la actualidad como herramienta diagno?stica y terape?utica. A pesar de conocerse este novedoso abordaje, no fue hasta 1981 que se realiza el primer procedimiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo exitoso, una apendicectomía realizada por el ginecólogo alemán Kurt Kart Semm hecho que motivo en su época la solicitud de la suspensión de la actividad medica por parte de la Asociación Alemana de Cirujanos. Hoy se le considera el padre de la Laparoscopia Moderna. La implantación del abordaje laparoscópico en patología colónica se realizo en 1990, por Moises Jacobs en EEUU, quién reporta la primera colectomi?a laparosco?pica por patología benigna. Sin embargo su aceptación para el tratamiento en patología maligna ha sido mas lenta y muchas veces criticada debido a la necesidad de demostrar que se cumplen los principios oncológicos, con similares porcentajes de complicaciones y se obtienen los mismos resultados a largo plazo.A pesar de las dificultades y enmarcados en la inmediatez que impone el contexto social, donde ademas cobra especialrelevancia el resultado estético, con menor morbilidad y riesgos, y rapidez en el reintegro laboral, este nuevo abordaje alogrado la rápida aceptación de la comunidad en general y de los cirujanos en particular. Sin dudas este nuevo tipo de abordaje, denominado laparoscopía, es considerado en la actualidad como uno de los grandes avances de la cirugía moderna. Ha supuesto, además, un cambio fundamental en la recuperación postoperatoria, en la morbilidad relacionada con la cirugía, con menor costo y mejor calidad asistencial. El objetivo fundamental de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva del cáncer de colon es lograr similares resultados oncológicos y mejor calidad de vida de los pacientes, disminuyendo tanto el trauma sobre la pared abdominal, con menos posibilidades de hernias e infecciones, menos dolor y, por consiguiente una recuperación más rápida.En esta misma linea de pensamiento surgen otras formas de abordaje mínimamente invasivo: a través de un robot(2002), cirugía endoscopia por orificios naturales (NOTES 2004) y cirugía de puerto único, estas 2 ultimas aun sinconsenso en su empleo para el cáncer de colon. Los robot en cirugía ofrecen una nueva forma de practicarla, se denomina cirugía robótica y es considerada por muchos autores como el futuro de la cirugía. A pesar de ser un procedimiento relativamente nuevo en la practica quirúrgica a logrado importantes avances en poco tiempo con gran impacto en la comunidad de cirujanos por poseer numerosas ventajas que ayudan a la mejora de las técnicas quirúrgicas y favorecer la enseñanza de la cirugía.La cirugía robótica ofrece claras ventajas respecto a la cirugía laparoscópica, visión tridimensional, mayor destreza,empleo de instrumentos articulados, mayor extensión de movimientos, disminución del temblor, mejor punto de apoyoy posición ergonómica cómoda para el cirujano, ademas brindando la posibilidad de telecirugía (cirujanos operando a distancia), lo que facilita especialmente la docencia. Estas mejoras permiten manipular los tejidos y operar de formamás precisa, con mejores resultados para los pacientes. Las principales desventajas de este nuevo modelo de cirugíason su alto costo, su tamaño, sus delicadas conexiones proclives de sufrir daños y la dificultad en abordar diferentesregiones abdominales en un mismo paciente, que requieran desmontaje y nuevo montaje de instrumentos prolongandoel tiempo quirúrgico y anestésico.En nuestro medio aun no esta disponible esta tecnología para el tratamiento depatologías quirúrgicas. Sin dudas estos avances en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de colon, sumado a la aparición de nuevos protocolos de tratamientos adyuvantes han logrado una mejora en la evolución y pronóstico de los pacientes afectados, debido auna reducción significativa de las complicaciones y mortalidad y un aumento en la sobreviva a largo plazo.Si bien resulta difícil avizorar el futuro de la cirugía creemos que la educación es el primer paso hacia el uso seguro dela tecnología médica automatizada, debemos renovar la formación en el grado y el postgrado.Estamos en un nuevo universo de la cirugía, donde el trabajo interdisciplinario resulta esencial y primario, y la interacción hombre-maquina, (protocolización y automatización, cirugía robótica, guía de imágenes y la simulación), resultanindispensables para mejorar los resultados en la asistencia quirúrgica. Para ello es fundamental contar con block quirúrgico, (Quirófanos Híbridos) con instalaciones equipadas con capacidades quirúrgicas completas, escáneres de TAC y de RNM, arcos en C fijos, asociados con otras técnicas (ultrasonido, fluoroscopia, endoscopia) y personal entrenado en el uso de los mismos y los procedimientos quirúrgicos.
2022 | |
cáncer colon cirugía robótica cirugía laparosc´opica anatomía etiopatogenia estatificación tratamiento Uruguay cancer colon robotic surgery laparoscopic surgery anatomy etiopathogenesis treatment Uruguay statification |
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Español | |
Sociedad de Cirugía del Uruguay | |
Relatos de los Congresos Uruguayos de Cirugía | |
https://revista.scu.org.uy/index.php/relatos/article/view/5718 | |
Acceso abierto |
Sumario: | Diseases of the colon include a huge range of functional and organic pathological states, inflammatory andtumors, medical and/or surgical treatments both in urgency and in coordination, which surgeons face with increasing frequency. Due to the important diversity of pathologies that occur in this sector of the digestive tract and that generate great challenges for its correct treatment, the surgeon needs specific and updated training.Colorectal cancer is one of the neoplasms with the highest incidence and mortality today. Although in times colon tumors were described in ancient Egypt and other cultures, it was not until the 18th century that develop the treatment of this disease, mainly linked to a better understanding of the anatomy and organ pathophysiology. Treatment options for colorectal cancer have evolved significantly up to our days, since the first successful colon cancer resection was published in 1833. With the passing of time and the evolution of knowledge, conventional surgery has gradually developed, currently achieving established and accepted quality standards throughout the world. The change in the paradigm "to large incisions, large surgeons", in search of offering a better quality of care with less tissue trauma and faster recovery, led to the appearance of minimally invasive surgery. The development of the laparoscopic approach described more than 100 years ago by Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879-1937), a Swedish internist in 1910, has now been consolidated as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Despite this new approach being known, it was not until 1981 that the first successful minimally invasive surgical procedure was performed, an appendectomy performed by the German gynecologist Kurt Kart Semm, a fact that led to the request for the suspension of medical activity at the time. of the German Association of Surgeons. He today is considered the father of Modern Laparoscopy. The implantation of the laparoscopic approach in colonic pathology was carried out in 1990, by Moises Jacobs in the USA, who reports the first laparoscopic colectomy for benign pathology. However, its acceptance for treatment in malignant pathologies has been slower and has often been criticized due to the need to demonstrate that oncological principles are met, with similar percentages of complications and the same long-term results are obtained.Despite the difficulties and framed in the immediacy imposed by the social context, where it also takes on specialthe aesthetic result is relevant, with less morbidity and risks, and rapid return to work, this new approach toachieved rapid acceptance by the community in general and surgeons in particular. Undoubtedly, this new type of approach, called laparoscopy, is currently considered one of the great advances in modern surgery. It has also meant a fundamental change in postoperative recovery, in morbidity related to surgery, with lower cost and better quality of care. The fundamental objective of minimally invasive colon cancer surgery is to achieve similar oncological results and a better quality of life for patients, reducing both the trauma on the abdominal wall, with less possibilities of hernias and infections, less pain and, consequently, a faster recovery.In this same line of thought, other forms of minimally invasive approach arise: through a robot (2002), endoscopic surgery through natural orifices (NOTES 2004) and single port surgery, the latter 2 still without consensus on its use for colon cancer. Robots in surgery offer a new way of practicing it, it is called robotic surgery and is considered by many authors as the future of surgery. Despite being a relatively new procedure in surgical practice, it has made important advances in a short time with great impact on the community of surgeons because it has numerous advantages that help improve surgical techniques and promote the teaching of surgery.Robotic surgery offers clear advantages over laparoscopic surgery, three-dimensional vision, greater dexterity,use of articulated instruments, greater range of movements, decreased tremor, better point of support and a comfortable ergonomic position for the surgeon, also offering the possibility of telesurgery (surgeons operating remotely), which especially facilitates teaching. These improvements make it possible to manipulate tissues and operate more more accurate, with better results for patients. The main disadvantages of this new surgery model are their high cost, their size, their delicate connections prone to damage, and the difficulty in addressing different it is abdominal regions in the same patient, which require disassembly and reassembly of instruments, prolonging surgical and anesthetic time. In our environment this technology is not yet available for the treatment of surgical pathologies. Undoubtedly, these advances in the surgical treatment of colon cancer, added to the appearance of new adjuvant treatment protocols, have achieved an improvement in the evolution and prognosis of affected patients, due to a significant reduction in complications and mortality and an increase in long-term survival.Although it is difficult to envision the future of surgery, we believe that education is the first step towards the safe use ofautomated medical technology, we must renew undergraduate and postgraduate training. We are in a new universe of surgery, where interdisciplinary work is essential and primary, and human-machine interaction (protocolization and automation, robotic surgery, image guidance and simulation) are essential to improve the results in surgical care. For this, it is essential to have a surgical block (Hybrid Operating Rooms) with facilities equipped with complete surgical capabilities, CT and MRI scanners, fixed C-arms, associated with other techniques (ultrasound, fluoroscopy, endoscopy) and personnel trained in their use. them and surgical procedures. |
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