Minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stone disease
Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la enfermedad litiásica de la vía biliar
Resumen:
The surgical treatment of lithiasic pathology of the bile duct occupies the first place in frequency within abdominal surgeries of the digestive system and a central place in general surgery mainly due to two facts: the first is due to the high incidence and prevalence of this pathology in western countries such as Uruguay and the second is due to the natural history of this disease, in which surgical treatment must be carried out due to the appearance of symptoms and / or complications. It is likely that with the passage of time and progress in the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis and itsgenetic and molecular bases, the surgical treatment of this disease becomes a historical curiosity; but at present it is the only effective way. It is intended to extract the stones together with the gallbladder, since it is the usual site of their formation, explore and leave the main bile duct free of them. Today, with minimally invasive surgical procedures, we try to achieve excellence in the way of removing an organ in which stones are produced and extracting them from the bile ducts when they pass or form in them, with the least morbidity and mortality. The bile ducts have special characteristics, since they are thin ducts with an intricate and extremely variable spatial distribution, surrounded by vital structures, through which bile circulates. For this reason, biliary surgery has been extensively approached by surgeons around the world who have sought to reveal the secrets of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the biliary system. It has been traveled a long road in which numerous and prominent surgeons from all continents have made their contributions to create an arsenal of surgical techniques that have been refined over time, reaching excellent standards of effectiveness and morbidity and mortality in hands not only of great specialists, but also of the general surgeon who daily surgically solves these pathologies. The public and medical community often underestimate the complexity and potential complications of a surgery as simple as cholecystectomy, which any minimally trained surgeon could perform, but realize its magnitude and importance when complications arise. In the last stage of biliary surgery, starting in 1997, laparoscopic surgery erupts, based on the development of technology and the ability of surgeons to start a whole new learning process, in which minimally invasive procedures are developed. It is important to note that the treatment of bile duct stone disease requires each timemore than a multidisciplinary participation, ceasing to be the exclusive patrimony of the surgeon. Radiologists began by providing diagnostic and later therapeutic elements, acting on the gallbladder (percutaneous cholecystostomy) and on the main bile duct, dilating strictures, removing stones and placing drains and stents.Endoscopists began by performing retrograde endoscopic cholangiography and then went on to interventionism with the performance of papillotomies, stone extraction and placement of drains and stents. Currently, in ideal conditions, the therapeutic management of bile duct stone disease should be performed in a minimally invasive way and should be the property of a multidisciplinary team made up of gastroenterologists, endoscopists, radiologists and surgeons. Minimally invasive procedures have largely displaced open laparotomy surgery, although this remains valid, mainly in the face of complications or in special situations, as will be detailed later.The objective of this report is to analyze the minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stone disease, passing on our experience. After dedicating ourselves for many years to this pathology, a fine-tuning of laparoscopic surgery techniques and endoscopic and percutaneous procedures is carried out, from a multidisciplinary approach provided by surgeons and endoscopists, to achieve the best results, with the most low morbidity and mortality in the frequent management of this condition.
El tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología litiásica de la vía biliar ocupa el primer lugar en frecuencia dentro de las cirugías abdominales del aparato digestivo y un lugar central en la cirugía general debido fundamentalmente a dos hechos: el primero es por la elevada incidencia y prevalencia de esta patología en los países occidentales como el Uruguay y el segundo se debe a la historia natural de esta enfermedad, en la que el tratamiento quirúrgico debe realizarse por la aparición de síntomas y/o complicaciones. Es probable que con el paso del tiempo y el avance en el conocimiento de la etiopatogenia y de susbases genéticas y moleculares, el tratamiento quirúrgico de esta enfermedad pase a ser una curiosidad histórica; pero en la actualidad es el único camino eficaz. Está destinado a extraer los cálculos junto con la vesícula biliar, dado que es el sitio habitual de formación de los mismos, explorar y dejar la vía biliar principal libre de éstos. Hoy, con los procedimientos quirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos, tratamos de lograr la excelencia en la forma de extirpar un órgano en el que se producen cálculos y extraerlos de los ductos biliares cuando pasan o se forman en ellos, con la menor morbilidad y mortalidad. Las vías biliares tienen características especiales, dado que se tratan de delgados conductos con una distribución espacial intrincada y en extremo variable, rodeadas de estructuras vitales, por donde circula la bilis. Por esta razón, la cirugía biliar ha sido abordada en forma exhaustiva por cirujanos de todo el mundo que han procurado revelar los secretos de la anatomía y fisiopatología del sistema biliar. S e hatransitado un largo camino en el cual numerosos y destacados cirujanos de todos los continentes han realizado sus aportes para crear un arsenal de técnicas quirúrgicas que se han ido perfeccionando a lo largo del tiempo, hasta llegar a estándares de efectividad y de morbi-mortalidad excelentes en manos no sólo de grandes especialistas, sino también del cirujano general que cotidianamente resuelve quirúrgicamente estas patologías. El público y la comunidad médica muchas veces subestiman la complejidad y las potenciales complicaciones de una cirugía tan simple como la colecistectomía, la cual cualquier cirujano mínimamente entrenado podría realizar, pero advierten su magnitud e importancia cuando aparecen las complicaciones. En la última etapa de la cirugía biliar, a partir del año 1997, irrumpe la cirugía laparoscópica, basada en el desarrollo de la tecnología y la capacidad de los cirujanos para iniciar todo un nuevo aprendizaje, en la que se desarrollan los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. Es importante destacar que el tratamiento de la patología litiásica de la vía biliar requiere cada vezmás de una participación multidisciplinaria, dejando de ser de patrimonio exclusivo del cirujano. Los médicos radiólogos comenzaron aportando elementos diagnósticos y posteriormente terapéuticos, actuando sobre la vesícula biliar (colecistostomía percutánea) y sobre la vía biliar principal, dilatando estenosis, extrayendo cálculos y colocando drenajes y stents.Los endoscopistas comenzaron realizando colangiografías por vía endoscópica retrógrada para luego pasar al intervencionismo con la realización de las papilotomías, extracción de cálculos y colocación de drenajes y stents. Actualmente en condiciones ideales el manejo terapéutico de la enfermedad litiásica de la vía biliar, debe realizarse en forma mínimamente invasiva y debe ser patrimonio de un equipo multidisciplinario integrado por gastroenterólogos, endoscopistas, radiólogos y cirujanos. Los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos han desplazado en gran medida a la cirugía abierta por laparotomía, aunque ésta mantiene su vigencia, principalmente frente a la presencia de complicaciones o en situaciones especiales como se detallará más adelante.El objetivo de este relato es analizar el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la enfermedad litiásica de la vía biliar, transmitiéndoles nuestra experiencia. Luego de dedicarnos durante y desde hace muchos años a esta patología, se realiza una puesta a punto de las técnicas de cirugía laparoscópica y procedimientos endoscópicos y percutáneos, desde un enfoque multidisciplinario aportado por cirujanos y endoscopistas, para lograr los mejores resultados, con la más baja morbilidad y mortalidad en el manejo tan frecuente de esta afección.
2012 | |
litiasis biliar enfermedad litiásica de la vía biliar cirugía laparoscópica tratamiento endosc´opico tratamiento percutáneo casos clínicos |
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Español | |
Sociedad de Cirugía del Uruguay | |
Relatos de los Congresos Uruguayos de Cirugía | |
https://revista.scu.org.uy/index.php/relatos/article/view/4830 | |
Acceso abierto |
Sumario: | The surgical treatment of lithiasic pathology of the bile duct occupies the first place in frequency within abdominal surgeries of the digestive system and a central place in general surgery mainly due to two facts: the first is due to the high incidence and prevalence of this pathology in western countries such as Uruguay and the second is due to the natural history of this disease, in which surgical treatment must be carried out due to the appearance of symptoms and / or complications. It is likely that with the passage of time and progress in the knowledge of the etiopathogenesis and itsgenetic and molecular bases, the surgical treatment of this disease becomes a historical curiosity; but at present it is the only effective way. It is intended to extract the stones together with the gallbladder, since it is the usual site of their formation, explore and leave the main bile duct free of them. Today, with minimally invasive surgical procedures, we try to achieve excellence in the way of removing an organ in which stones are produced and extracting them from the bile ducts when they pass or form in them, with the least morbidity and mortality. The bile ducts have special characteristics, since they are thin ducts with an intricate and extremely variable spatial distribution, surrounded by vital structures, through which bile circulates. For this reason, biliary surgery has been extensively approached by surgeons around the world who have sought to reveal the secrets of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the biliary system. It has been traveled a long road in which numerous and prominent surgeons from all continents have made their contributions to create an arsenal of surgical techniques that have been refined over time, reaching excellent standards of effectiveness and morbidity and mortality in hands not only of great specialists, but also of the general surgeon who daily surgically solves these pathologies. The public and medical community often underestimate the complexity and potential complications of a surgery as simple as cholecystectomy, which any minimally trained surgeon could perform, but realize its magnitude and importance when complications arise. In the last stage of biliary surgery, starting in 1997, laparoscopic surgery erupts, based on the development of technology and the ability of surgeons to start a whole new learning process, in which minimally invasive procedures are developed. It is important to note that the treatment of bile duct stone disease requires each timemore than a multidisciplinary participation, ceasing to be the exclusive patrimony of the surgeon. Radiologists began by providing diagnostic and later therapeutic elements, acting on the gallbladder (percutaneous cholecystostomy) and on the main bile duct, dilating strictures, removing stones and placing drains and stents.Endoscopists began by performing retrograde endoscopic cholangiography and then went on to interventionism with the performance of papillotomies, stone extraction and placement of drains and stents. Currently, in ideal conditions, the therapeutic management of bile duct stone disease should be performed in a minimally invasive way and should be the property of a multidisciplinary team made up of gastroenterologists, endoscopists, radiologists and surgeons. Minimally invasive procedures have largely displaced open laparotomy surgery, although this remains valid, mainly in the face of complications or in special situations, as will be detailed later.The objective of this report is to analyze the minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stone disease, passing on our experience. After dedicating ourselves for many years to this pathology, a fine-tuning of laparoscopic surgery techniques and endoscopic and percutaneous procedures is carried out, from a multidisciplinary approach provided by surgeons and endoscopists, to achieve the best results, with the most low morbidity and mortality in the frequent management of this condition. |
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