Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation
Resumen:
The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a solar chimney tower in a typical year placed in Uruguay. Solar Updraft Tower consists of a transparent horizontal surface placed at a certain distance above the ground (collector), a tall chimney located in the center of the collector and a turbine at the lower part of the tower. Stack effect, produced by the combination of a temperature difference between inner and outer air and the presence of the chimney, is used for generating air flow through the turbine and producing electric power. This work studies the thermodynamic behavior of the system by a simplified numerical model. Verification and validation of the model is successfully performed, and results of a case study placed in Uruguay are presented.
2017 | |
Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación | |
Torre Solar Modelado Calor Ingeniería y Tecnología Ingeniería Mecánica |
|
Inglés | |
Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación | |
REDI | |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3193 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY) |
_version_ | 1814959259641708544 |
---|---|
author | Curto, Pedro |
author2 | Galione, Pedro Gahzarian, Agustin |
author2_role | author author |
author_facet | Curto, Pedro Galione, Pedro Gahzarian, Agustin |
author_role | author |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv | 3c9d86d36485746409b4281a0893d729 a6c9a507ac371587c35deac8ce0bd4cd |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv | MD5 MD5 |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv | https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3193/2/license.txt https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3193/1/COBEM-2017-1480.pdf |
collection | REDI |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Curto, Pedro Galione, Pedro Gahzarian, Agustin |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv | 2023-04-13T14:03:58Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv | 2023-04-13T14:03:58Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv | 2017-12-16 |
dc.description.abstract.none.fl_txt_mv | The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a solar chimney tower in a typical year placed in Uruguay. Solar Updraft Tower consists of a transparent horizontal surface placed at a certain distance above the ground (collector), a tall chimney located in the center of the collector and a turbine at the lower part of the tower. Stack effect, produced by the combination of a temperature difference between inner and outer air and the presence of the chimney, is used for generating air flow through the turbine and producing electric power. This work studies the thermodynamic behavior of the system by a simplified numerical model. Verification and validation of the model is successfully performed, and results of a case study placed in Uruguay are presented. |
dc.description.sponsorship.none.fl_txt_mv | Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
dc.identifier.anii.es.fl_str_mv | FSE_1_2014_1_102126 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3193 |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
dc.relation.uri.none.fl_str_mv | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3189 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3190 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3191 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3192 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3194 |
dc.rights.es.fl_str_mv | Acceso abierto |
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv | Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY) |
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.source.es.fl_str_mv | COBEM 2017 24th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Curitiba - Brasil, 3-8 de diciembre de 2017 |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv | reponame:REDI instname:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación instacron:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
dc.subject.anii.none.fl_str_mv | Ingeniería y Tecnología Ingeniería Mecánica |
dc.subject.es.fl_str_mv | Torre Solar Modelado Calor |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
dc.type.es.fl_str_mv | Documento de conferencia |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject |
dc.type.version.es.fl_str_mv | Publicado |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
description | The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a solar chimney tower in a typical year placed in Uruguay. Solar Updraft Tower consists of a transparent horizontal surface placed at a certain distance above the ground (collector), a tall chimney located in the center of the collector and a turbine at the lower part of the tower. Stack effect, produced by the combination of a temperature difference between inner and outer air and the presence of the chimney, is used for generating air flow through the turbine and producing electric power. This work studies the thermodynamic behavior of the system by a simplified numerical model. Verification and validation of the model is successfully performed, and results of a case study placed in Uruguay are presented. |
eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
format | conferenceObject |
id | REDI_c63ba0aaea4d03b2f697e89890efcbf9 |
identifier_str_mv | FSE_1_2014_1_102126 |
instacron_str | Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
institution | Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
instname_str | Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
language | eng |
network_acronym_str | REDI |
network_name_str | REDI |
oai_identifier_str | oai:redi.anii.org.uy:20.500.12381/3193 |
publishDate | 2017 |
reponame_str | REDI |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv | jmaldini@anii.org.uy |
repository.name.fl_str_mv | REDI - Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación |
repository_id_str | 9421 |
rights_invalid_str_mv | Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY) Acceso abierto |
spelling | Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY)Acceso abiertoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2023-04-13T14:03:58Z2023-04-13T14:03:58Z2017-12-16https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3193FSE_1_2014_1_102126The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a solar chimney tower in a typical year placed in Uruguay. Solar Updraft Tower consists of a transparent horizontal surface placed at a certain distance above the ground (collector), a tall chimney located in the center of the collector and a turbine at the lower part of the tower. Stack effect, produced by the combination of a temperature difference between inner and outer air and the presence of the chimney, is used for generating air flow through the turbine and producing electric power. This work studies the thermodynamic behavior of the system by a simplified numerical model. Verification and validation of the model is successfully performed, and results of a case study placed in Uruguay are presented.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovaciónenghttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3189https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3190https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3191https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3192https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3194COBEM 2017 24th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Curitiba - Brasil, 3-8 de diciembre de 2017reponame:REDIinstname:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovacióninstacron:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e InnovaciónTorre SolarModeladoCalorIngeniería y TecnologíaIngeniería MecánicaSolar Updraft Tower Performance EvaluationDocumento de conferenciaPublicadoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObjectUniversidad de la República//Ingeniería y Tecnología/Ingeniería Mecánica/Ingeniería MecánicaCurto, PedroGalione, PedroGahzarian, AgustinLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84944https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3193/2/license.txt3c9d86d36485746409b4281a0893d729MD52ORIGINALCOBEM-2017-1480.pdfCOBEM-2017-1480.pdfpaperapplication/pdf535297https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3193/1/COBEM-2017-1480.pdfa6c9a507ac371587c35deac8ce0bd4cdMD5120.500.12381/31932023-04-13 11:28:00.405oai:redi.anii.org.uy:20.500.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://www.anii.org.uy/https://redi.anii.org.uy/oai/requestjmaldini@anii.org.uyUruguayopendoar:94212023-04-13T14:28REDI - Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovaciónfalse |
spellingShingle | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation Curto, Pedro Torre Solar Modelado Calor Ingeniería y Tecnología Ingeniería Mecánica |
status_str | publishedVersion |
title | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
title_full | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
title_fullStr | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
title_full_unstemmed | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
title_short | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
title_sort | Solar Updraft Tower Performance Evaluation |
topic | Torre Solar Modelado Calor Ingeniería y Tecnología Ingeniería Mecánica |
url | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3193 |