Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids

Cabrera Gadea, Mauro - Mateu, Cecilia - Ramos, Pau - Romero-Gómez, Mercé - Antoja, Teresa - Aguilar, Luis

Resumen:

The warp is a well-known undulation of the Milky Way disc. Its structure has been widely studied, but only since Gaia DR2 has it been possible to reveal its kinematic signature beyond the solar neighbourhood. In this work, we present an analysis of the warp traced by Classical Cepheids by means of a Fourier decomposition of their height (Z) and, for the first time, of their vertical velocity (Vz). We find a clear but complex signal that in both variables reveals an asymmetrical warp. In Z, we find the warp to be almost symmetric in amplitude at the disc’s outskirts, with the two extremes never being diametrically opposed at any radius and the line of nodes presenting a twist in the direction of stellar rotation for R > 11 kpc. For Vz, in addition to the usual m = 1 mode, an m = 2 mode is needed to represent the kinematic signal of the warp, reflecting its azimuthal asymmetry. The line of maximum vertical velocity is similarly twisted as the line of nodes and trails behind by ≈25°. We develop a new formalism to derive the pattern speed and change in amplitude with time $\dot{A}$ of each Fourier mode at each radius, via a joint analysis of the Fourier decomposition in Z and Vz. By applying it to the Cepheids we find, for the m = 1 mode, a constant pattern speed in the direction of stellar rotation of 9.2 ± 3.1 km s−1 kpc−1, a negligible $\dot{A}$ up to R ≈ 14 kpc and a slight increase at larger radii, in agreement with previous works.


Detalles Bibliográficos
2024
Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica (CSIC)
‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ by the ‘European Union’
Stars: variables: Cepheids
Galaxy: disc
Galaxy: evolution
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Galaxy: structure
Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Físicas
Astronomía
Inglés
Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
REDI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3665
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae308
Acceso abierto
Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY)
_version_ 1814959257892683776
author Cabrera Gadea, Mauro
author2 Mateu, Cecilia
Ramos, Pau
Romero-Gómez, Mercé
Antoja, Teresa
Aguilar, Luis
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Cabrera Gadea, Mauro
Mateu, Cecilia
Ramos, Pau
Romero-Gómez, Mercé
Antoja, Teresa
Aguilar, Luis
author_role author
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv a4ce09f01b5dd771727aa05c73851623
68a880f59c268256c73b29d46f9df83a
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3665/2/license.txt
https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3665/1/paper_cabrera.pdf
collection REDI
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Cabrera Gadea, Mauro
Mateu, Cecilia
Ramos, Pau
Romero-Gómez, Mercé
Antoja, Teresa
Aguilar, Luis
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-25T16:34:59Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-25T16:34:59Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-01-31
dc.description.abstract.none.fl_txt_mv The warp is a well-known undulation of the Milky Way disc. Its structure has been widely studied, but only since Gaia DR2 has it been possible to reveal its kinematic signature beyond the solar neighbourhood. In this work, we present an analysis of the warp traced by Classical Cepheids by means of a Fourier decomposition of their height (Z) and, for the first time, of their vertical velocity (Vz). We find a clear but complex signal that in both variables reveals an asymmetrical warp. In Z, we find the warp to be almost symmetric in amplitude at the disc’s outskirts, with the two extremes never being diametrically opposed at any radius and the line of nodes presenting a twist in the direction of stellar rotation for R > 11 kpc. For Vz, in addition to the usual m = 1 mode, an m = 2 mode is needed to represent the kinematic signal of the warp, reflecting its azimuthal asymmetry. The line of maximum vertical velocity is similarly twisted as the line of nodes and trails behind by ≈25°. We develop a new formalism to derive the pattern speed and change in amplitude with time $\dot{A}$ of each Fourier mode at each radius, via a joint analysis of the Fourier decomposition in Z and Vz. By applying it to the Cepheids we find, for the m = 1 mode, a constant pattern speed in the direction of stellar rotation of 9.2 ± 3.1 km s−1 kpc−1, a negligible $\dot{A}$ up to R ≈ 14 kpc and a slight increase at larger radii, in agreement with previous works.
dc.description.sponsorship.none.fl_txt_mv Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica (CSIC)
‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ by the ‘European Union’
dc.identifier.anii.es.fl_str_mv FCE_1_2021_1_167524
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae308
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3665
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
dc.publisher.es.fl_str_mv Oxford Academic
dc.rights.*.fl_str_mv Acceso abierto
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY)
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.source.es.fl_str_mv Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:REDI
instname:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
instacron:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
dc.subject.anii.none.fl_str_mv Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Físicas
Astronomía
dc.subject.es.fl_str_mv Stars: variables: Cepheids
Galaxy: disc
Galaxy: evolution
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Galaxy: structure
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
dc.type.es.fl_str_mv Artículo
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.es.fl_str_mv Publicado
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
description The warp is a well-known undulation of the Milky Way disc. Its structure has been widely studied, but only since Gaia DR2 has it been possible to reveal its kinematic signature beyond the solar neighbourhood. In this work, we present an analysis of the warp traced by Classical Cepheids by means of a Fourier decomposition of their height (Z) and, for the first time, of their vertical velocity (Vz). We find a clear but complex signal that in both variables reveals an asymmetrical warp. In Z, we find the warp to be almost symmetric in amplitude at the disc’s outskirts, with the two extremes never being diametrically opposed at any radius and the line of nodes presenting a twist in the direction of stellar rotation for R > 11 kpc. For Vz, in addition to the usual m = 1 mode, an m = 2 mode is needed to represent the kinematic signal of the warp, reflecting its azimuthal asymmetry. The line of maximum vertical velocity is similarly twisted as the line of nodes and trails behind by ≈25°. We develop a new formalism to derive the pattern speed and change in amplitude with time $\dot{A}$ of each Fourier mode at each radius, via a joint analysis of the Fourier decomposition in Z and Vz. By applying it to the Cepheids we find, for the m = 1 mode, a constant pattern speed in the direction of stellar rotation of 9.2 ± 3.1 km s−1 kpc−1, a negligible $\dot{A}$ up to R ≈ 14 kpc and a slight increase at larger radii, in agreement with previous works.
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
format article
id REDI_2bb7463fb4da63ef61a36c82d65b7011
identifier_str_mv FCE_1_2021_1_167524
instacron_str Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
institution Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
instname_str Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
language eng
network_acronym_str REDI
network_name_str REDI
oai_identifier_str oai:redi.anii.org.uy:20.500.12381/3665
publishDate 2024
reponame_str REDI
repository.mail.fl_str_mv jmaldini@anii.org.uy
repository.name.fl_str_mv REDI - Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación
repository_id_str 9421
rights_invalid_str_mv Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY)
Acceso abierto
spelling Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. (CC BY)Acceso abiertoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2024-10-25T16:34:59Z2024-10-25T16:34:59Z2024-01-31https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3665FCE_1_2021_1_167524https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae308The warp is a well-known undulation of the Milky Way disc. Its structure has been widely studied, but only since Gaia DR2 has it been possible to reveal its kinematic signature beyond the solar neighbourhood. In this work, we present an analysis of the warp traced by Classical Cepheids by means of a Fourier decomposition of their height (Z) and, for the first time, of their vertical velocity (Vz). We find a clear but complex signal that in both variables reveals an asymmetrical warp. In Z, we find the warp to be almost symmetric in amplitude at the disc’s outskirts, with the two extremes never being diametrically opposed at any radius and the line of nodes presenting a twist in the direction of stellar rotation for R > 11 kpc. For Vz, in addition to the usual m = 1 mode, an m = 2 mode is needed to represent the kinematic signal of the warp, reflecting its azimuthal asymmetry. The line of maximum vertical velocity is similarly twisted as the line of nodes and trails behind by ≈25°. We develop a new formalism to derive the pattern speed and change in amplitude with time $\dot{A}$ of each Fourier mode at each radius, via a joint analysis of the Fourier decomposition in Z and Vz. By applying it to the Cepheids we find, for the m = 1 mode, a constant pattern speed in the direction of stellar rotation of 9.2 ± 3.1 km s−1 kpc−1, a negligible $\dot{A}$ up to R ≈ 14 kpc and a slight increase at larger radii, in agreement with previous works.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e InnovaciónComisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica (CSIC)‘ERDF A way of making Europe’ by the ‘European Union’engOxford AcademicMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societyreponame:REDIinstname:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovacióninstacron:Agencia Nacional de Investigación e InnovaciónStars: variables: CepheidsGalaxy: discGalaxy: evolutionGalaxy: kinematics and dynamicsGalaxy: structureCiencias Naturales y ExactasCiencias FísicasAstronomíaStructure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical CepheidsArtículoPublicadoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleDepartamento de Astronomía, Instituto de Física, Universidad de la RepúblicaNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanInstitut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB)Departament de Física Quantica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB)Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autonomá de Mexico//Ciencias Naturales y Exactas/Ciencias Físicas/AstronomíaCabrera Gadea, MauroMateu, CeciliaRamos, PauRomero-Gómez, MercéAntoja, TeresaAguilar, LuisLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84967https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3665/2/license.txta4ce09f01b5dd771727aa05c73851623MD52ORIGINALpaper_cabrera.pdfpaper_cabrera.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf3366214https://redi.anii.org.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12381/3665/1/paper_cabrera.pdf68a880f59c268256c73b29d46f9df83aMD5120.500.12381/36652024-10-25 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- Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovaciónfalse
spellingShingle Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
Cabrera Gadea, Mauro
Stars: variables: Cepheids
Galaxy: disc
Galaxy: evolution
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Galaxy: structure
Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Físicas
Astronomía
status_str publishedVersion
title Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
title_full Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
title_fullStr Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
title_full_unstemmed Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
title_short Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
title_sort Structure, kinematics, and time evolution of the Galactic warp from Classical Cepheids
topic Stars: variables: Cepheids
Galaxy: disc
Galaxy: evolution
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Galaxy: structure
Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Físicas
Astronomía
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12381/3665
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae308