Gender differences in housework and earnings: intrahousehold evidence from Latin America
Resumen:
This paper analyzes the intrahousehold allocation of housework and paid work in five Latin American countries. The study of intrahousehold decisions in a region where gender inequality is higher than in the developed world and where a high proportion of women are excluded from paid work is important to disentangle how existing theories for the developed world apply to more unequal contexts. We carry out OLS regressions using armonized time-use surveys for Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay to consider the relationship between earnings and housework, in the framework of the dependency, gender deviance neutralization, and autonomy hypothesis. We find that in Latin America, female housework decisions are better associated with women ́s absolute earnings. The econometric evidence compatible with the dependence hypothesis, or even with compensatory gender display for some countries, tends to disappear when absolute earnings are considered to understand women’s time devoted to household work. The significance that women ́s monetary resources have in shaping intra-household decisions in Latin America offers new evidence to incorporate into policy design, highlighting the crucial links between labor market performance and intrahousehold gender equity in the region.
Este documento analiza la distribución del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado al interior de los hogares en cinco países de América Latina. El estudio de las decisiones que se toman al interior del hogar es especialmente relevante en una región que presenta niveles de desigualdad de género superiores a los del mundo desarrollado, y donde una proporción significativa de las mujeres se encuentra excluida del merado laboral. Se busca explorar como las teorías que han sido aplicadas al mundo desarrollado se adaptan a contextos más desiguales. En base a encuestas de uso de tiempo de Chile, Colombia, México, Perú y Uruguay, se presenta evidencia econométrica sobre la relación entre los ingresos y el tiempo dedicado al trabajo doméstico, considerando las hipótesis de dependencia, neutralización del desvío de la norma o señalización de género (‘gender deviance neutralization/gender display’) y autonomía. Nuestros resultados indican que, en América Latina, las decisiones sobre trabajo doméstico femenino se asocian más fuertemente con los ingresos absolutos de las mujeres, favoreciendo la hipótesis de autonomía. Los resultados econométricos compatibles con las hipótesis de dependencia o de neutralización del desvío de la norma, tienden a desaparecer cuando se incluyen los ingresos absolutos de las mujeres. Esta evidencia sobre la importancia de los recursos económicos de las mujeres para las decisiones al interior del hogar es relevante pare el diseño de políticas, subrayando los vínculos cruciales entre el desempeño de los mercados laborales y la equidad de género al interior de los hogares en la región.
2021 | |
Unpaid family work Latin America Housework/division of labor Time use Trabajo doméstico no remunerado América Latina División del trabajo Uso del tiempo ENCUESTAS ECONOMIA DE GENERO |
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Inglés | |
Universidad de la República | |
COLIBRI | |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/29476 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0) |
Sumario: | This paper analyzes the intrahousehold allocation of housework and paid work in five Latin American countries. The study of intrahousehold decisions in a region where gender inequality is higher than in the developed world and where a high proportion of women are excluded from paid work is important to disentangle how existing theories for the developed world apply to more unequal contexts. We carry out OLS regressions using armonized time-use surveys for Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay to consider the relationship between earnings and housework, in the framework of the dependency, gender deviance neutralization, and autonomy hypothesis. We find that in Latin America, female housework decisions are better associated with women ́s absolute earnings. The econometric evidence compatible with the dependence hypothesis, or even with compensatory gender display for some countries, tends to disappear when absolute earnings are considered to understand women’s time devoted to household work. The significance that women ́s monetary resources have in shaping intra-household decisions in Latin America offers new evidence to incorporate into policy design, highlighting the crucial links between labor market performance and intrahousehold gender equity in the region. |
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