Does inequality foster or hinder the growth of entrepreneurship in the long-run?

Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana - Méndez-Errico, Luciana

Resumen:

This article assesses the extent to which historical levels of inequality affect the creation and survival of businesses over time. To this end, we use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey across 66 countries over 2005–2011. We complement this survey with data on income inequality dating back to early 1800s and current institutional environment, such as the number of procedures to start a new business, countries’ degree of financial inclusion, corruption and political stability. We find that although inequality increases the number of firms created out of need, inequality reduces entrepreneurial activity as in net terms businesses are less likely to be created and survive over time. These findings are robust to using different measures of inequality across different points in time and regions, even if excluding Latin America the most unequal region in the world. Our evidence then supports theories that argue early conditions, crucially inequality, influence development path.


Este artículo indaga sobre los efectos que los niveles históricos de desigualdad tienen sobre la creación y supervivencia de las empresas a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, utilizamos la encuesta Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) de 66 países durante 2005-2011. Dicha encuesta es complementada con datos sobre la desigualdad de ingresos que se remontan a principios del siglo XIX y con información sobre el entorno institucional actual, como el número de procedimientos para iniciar un nuevo negocio, el grado de inclusión financiera de los países, la corrupción y la estabilidad política. Encontramos que, aunque la desigualdad aumenta el número de empresas creadas por necesidad, la desigualdad reduce la actividad empresarial, ya que en términos netos es menos probable que las empresas sean creadas y sobrevivan con el tiempo. Nuestros resultados son robustos a la utilización de diferentes medidas de desigualdad a través de diferentes puntos en el tiempo y las regiones, incluso si se excluye del análisis a América Latina, la región más desigual del mundo. Nuestra evidencia apoya las teorías que argumentan que las condiciones tempranas, crucialmente la desigualdad, influye sobre la senda de desarrollo.


Detalles Bibliográficos
2017
Inequality
Entrepreneurship
Panel data
Instrumental variables
DESIGUALDAD
VARIABLES INSTRUMENTALES
DESIGUALDAD ECONOMICA
INCLUSIÓN FINANCIERA
Inglés
Universidad de la República
COLIBRI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/18982
Acceso abierto
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución – No Comercial – Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND)
Resumen:
Sumario:This article assesses the extent to which historical levels of inequality affect the creation and survival of businesses over time. To this end, we use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey across 66 countries over 2005–2011. We complement this survey with data on income inequality dating back to early 1800s and current institutional environment, such as the number of procedures to start a new business, countries’ degree of financial inclusion, corruption and political stability. We find that although inequality increases the number of firms created out of need, inequality reduces entrepreneurial activity as in net terms businesses are less likely to be created and survive over time. These findings are robust to using different measures of inequality across different points in time and regions, even if excluding Latin America the most unequal region in the world. Our evidence then supports theories that argue early conditions, crucially inequality, influence development path.