Distributing the missing third: growth and falling inequality in Uruguay 2009-2016
Resumen:
Most personal income distribution studies present estimates that account for only a fraction of National Income, which prevents us from analyzing inequality and the distribution of growth in a coherent framework. To overcome this caveat, this paper presents inequality estimates accounting for the totality of National Income for Uruguay over the period 2009-2016. We assemble a database that, for the first time, combines all available income data from tax records, household surveys and a variety of ancillary sources, which is then scaled up in order to match National Income. Results show that inequality fell during the period, led by a moderate increase in the National Income share of the bottom 90%, in contrast with the decline in the shares of the top 10% and much moderate for the top 1%. Top 1%’ share shows a decreasing pattern only when undistributed profits are imputed, showing that the inequality trend depends on the complex interplay of income allocation between household and firms. Even with falling inequality, around 45% of the income growth between 2009 and 2016 was accrued by the top 10%, whilst bottom 50% captured less than 14% of new income –a barely higher share than the top 0.1%–, hence widening the absolute incomes gap between groups.
La mayoría de los estudios de distribución personal del ingreso presentan estimaciones que representan solo una fracción del Ingreso Nacional, lo que nos impide estudiar la desigualdad y la distribución del crecimiento en un marco coherente. Para superar esta limitación, este documento presenta estimaciones de desigualdad que dan cuenta de la totalidad del Ingreso Nacional para Uruguay durante el período 2009-2016. Creamos una base de datos que, por primera vez, combina todos los datos de ingresos disponibles de los registros tributarios, encuestas de hogares y una variedad de fuentes auxiliares, que luego es escalada al Ingreso Nacional. Los resultados muestran que la desigualdad disminuyó durante el período, liderada por un aumento moderado en la participación en el Ingreso Nacional del 90% inferior, en contraste con la disminución de la del 10% superior y una muy moderada reducción del 1% de mayores ingresos. La participación del superior del 1% superior muestra un patrón decreciente solo cuando se imputan ganancias no distribuidas, lo que demuestra que la desigualdad depende de la compleja interacción de la distribución de ingresos entre hogares y empresas. Incluso en el marco de disminución de la desigualdad, alrededor del 45% del crecimiento de los ingresos entre 2009 y 2016 fue acumulado por el 10% superior, mientras que el 50% inferior capturó menos del 14% de los nuevos ingresos, - una proporción apenas mayor que la del 0.1 superiorabsolutos entre grupos.
2020 | |
Desigualdad de ingresos Cuentas nacionales Registros tributarios Países en desarrollo Uruguay Income inequality National accounts Tax records Developing countries DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO |
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Inglés | |
Universidad de la República | |
COLIBRI | |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/24895 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0) |
Sumario: | Most personal income distribution studies present estimates that account for only a fraction of National Income, which prevents us from analyzing inequality and the distribution of growth in a coherent framework. To overcome this caveat, this paper presents inequality estimates accounting for the totality of National Income for Uruguay over the period 2009-2016. We assemble a database that, for the first time, combines all available income data from tax records, household surveys and a variety of ancillary sources, which is then scaled up in order to match National Income. Results show that inequality fell during the period, led by a moderate increase in the National Income share of the bottom 90%, in contrast with the decline in the shares of the top 10% and much moderate for the top 1%. Top 1%’ share shows a decreasing pattern only when undistributed profits are imputed, showing that the inequality trend depends on the complex interplay of income allocation between household and firms. Even with falling inequality, around 45% of the income growth between 2009 and 2016 was accrued by the top 10%, whilst bottom 50% captured less than 14% of new income –a barely higher share than the top 0.1%–, hence widening the absolute incomes gap between groups. |
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