Well-being, time use, and women's empowerment after couple separation: Longitudinal evidence for Uruguay
Resumen:
Although many studies have assessed the effects of union dissolution on access to economic resources, on economic outcomes for adults, particularly custodial mothers, and on a broad set of educational and socioemotional outcomes for children, there is less literature analysing changes in other domains of women's quality of life that might be affected when couple separation occurs in households with small children. In this study, we analyse the effects of union dissolution (divorce and couple separation) on women's well-being and empowerment in the short run, based on two waves of Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud (ENDIS), an official longitudinal study that followed Uruguayan households with children who were age 0 to 3 years in 2013. Specifically, we assess the effects of separation on economic and subjective well-being, time use and household workload, empowerment, and attitudes towards gender norms. To control for the potential selectivity of union dissolution, we carry out a combined PSM/difference-in-difference estimation. We find that, for women who are custodial mothers, union dissolution entails, on average, a net per capita household income loss of 29%, an increase in paid labour effort, and a decrease in time devoted to household work. At the same time, empowerment and traditional gender norms are scarcely affected by union dissolution, though equalizing gender norm attitudes predict union dissolution. After ruling out a set of potential channels related to substitution effects (such as increased school attendance, seeking help from relatives, or hiring domestic workers) that might explain the decrease in household workload, we provide suggestive evidence on the role of loosened gender norms following the exit of a male household member or more structured care arrangements with non-coresident fathers that needs to be tested in further research.
Si bien se dispone de estudios que analizan los efectos de la disolución de uniones en el acceso a recursos económicos, en particular en el caso de las mujeres con niños, así como en un amplio conjunto de resultados educativos y socioemocionales para los niños, existen menos trabajos que analicen los cambios en otras dimensiones de las condiciones de vida de las mujeres que pueden verse afectadas cuando se produce una separación de pareja en hogares con niños pequeños. En este estudio analizamos los efectos de la disolución de uniones (divorcio y/o separación de parejas) en el bienestar y empoderamiento de las mujeres en el corto plazo, con base en las dos primeras rondas de la Encuesta Nacional de Desarrollo Infantil y Salud (ENDIS), estudio longitudinal oficial que sigue una muestra de hogares uruguayos con niños de 0 a 3 años en 2013. Específicamente, estudiamos los efectos de la separación sobre el bienestar económico y subjetivo; el uso del tiempo y la carga de trabajo del hogar; y el empoderamiento y las actitudes hacia las normas de género. Para controlar la selectividad potencial de la disolución de la unión, llevamos a cabo una estimación combinada de Propensity Score Matching en la línea de base y diferencias en diferencias. Encontramos que, para las mujeres con custodia, la disolución de la unión implica, en promedio, una pérdida neta de ingresos per cápita del hogar del 29%, un aumento en el esfuerzo laboral remunerado y una disminución en el tiempo dedicado al trabajo doméstico. Al mismo tiempo, el empoderamiento y las normas tradicionales de género se ven escasamente afectadas por la disolución, aunque las actitudes igualitarias sobre las normas de género predicen la separación o divorcio. Luego de descartar un conjunto de posibles canales relacionados con los efectos de sustitución (como el aumento de la asistencia a centros educativos o de cuidado, la ayuda por parte de familiares o la contratación de trabajadores domésticos) que podrían explicar la disminución de la carga de trabajo del hogar, proporcionamos evidencia sugerente acerca de la relajación de las normas de género posteriors a la salida de varón del hogar o arreglos de cuidado más estructurados con padres no corresidentes. Estos aspectos requieren ser profundizados en nuevas investigaciones.
2023 | |
Uso del tiempo ENDIS Separación Actitudes hacia normas de género Datos longitudinales Empoderamiento Uruguay Time use Separation Gender role attitudes Empowerment ECONOMIA DEMOGRAFICA |
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Inglés | |
Universidad de la República | |
COLIBRI | |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/39743 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0) |
Sumario: | Although many studies have assessed the effects of union dissolution on access to economic resources, on economic outcomes for adults, particularly custodial mothers, and on a broad set of educational and socioemotional outcomes for children, there is less literature analysing changes in other domains of women's quality of life that might be affected when couple separation occurs in households with small children. In this study, we analyse the effects of union dissolution (divorce and couple separation) on women's well-being and empowerment in the short run, based on two waves of Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud (ENDIS), an official longitudinal study that followed Uruguayan households with children who were age 0 to 3 years in 2013. Specifically, we assess the effects of separation on economic and subjective well-being, time use and household workload, empowerment, and attitudes towards gender norms. To control for the potential selectivity of union dissolution, we carry out a combined PSM/difference-in-difference estimation. We find that, for women who are custodial mothers, union dissolution entails, on average, a net per capita household income loss of 29%, an increase in paid labour effort, and a decrease in time devoted to household work. At the same time, empowerment and traditional gender norms are scarcely affected by union dissolution, though equalizing gender norm attitudes predict union dissolution. After ruling out a set of potential channels related to substitution effects (such as increased school attendance, seeking help from relatives, or hiring domestic workers) that might explain the decrease in household workload, we provide suggestive evidence on the role of loosened gender norms following the exit of a male household member or more structured care arrangements with non-coresident fathers that needs to be tested in further research. |
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