Three essays about migration, gender and family economic
Supervisor(es): Chumacero, Rómulo A. - Forteza, Alvaro
Resumen:
This thesis consists of three essays about migration, gender, and family economics, within the framework of applied economics and with a special focus on a developing country. The first essay of my thesis contributes to the literature on fiscal policies and intergenerational transfers. The second essay contributes to the literature on the effects of children’s sex composition on parental behavior and how it may affect children’s cognitive and non-cognitive development. The third essay contributes to the literature on gender and family economics. The first chapter, co-authored with Rómulo A. Chumacero, develops a business cycle model of a small open economy with heterogeneous agents and international labor mobility, with a particular focus on taxes and transfer policies. Migration occurs as a result of the maximization problem of families and, combined with remittances, makes consumption smoothing possible. This paper shows how transfers from the government to young people and elders, funded with distortionary taxes, prompt the migration of people of working age and, among them, some of the most skilled members of the economy. The model is calibrated to match labor mobility in various age-skill groups and aggregate cycle dynamics of the Uruguayan economy, including government transfers and migration volatility. The second chapter investigates how the gender of the second-born sibling affects first- born cognitive and non-cognitive development and their parental treatment when children are on average 52 months (and not older than 66 months) in Uruguay. Since the study looks at children at a very early age, sibling-to-sibling influences are unlikely to play a role and hence an opportunity to isolate effects that arise purely via parental treatment. The identification strategy overcomes parental preferences’ bias of children’s sex composition due to the randomness of the sex of the second-born child. Results show that first-born boys who have a same-sex younger sibling have lower levels of motor skills and non-cognitive development. In contrast, first-born girls are not affected by having a younger sister or brother. The main drivers of the differences between first-born boys and girls are the lower probability of boys living with both biological parents, less investment of parents in their quality time, and a reduced likelihood of attending preschool. The third chapter analyzes the impact of intra-household bargaining on the labor supply of heterosexual couples with different divisions of domestic work. The objective is to compare the decision-making process in families with egalitarian, traditional, and non-traditional gender role attitudes towards the division of domestic work. Data from Uruguay shows that couples of all types are sensitive to bargaining power shifts, as measured by the non-labor income difference between cohabiting partners and married couples. Results suggest that a relatively rich male has more bargaining power and supplies less labor, and the opposite is true for his partner. In addition, being married reduces the labor supply of women and increases that of men in egalitarian households. These results are robust to selection into employment correction. Finally, less gender-normative households assign a larger share of non-labor income to women after the negotiation process.
Esta tesis consta de tres ensayos sobre migración, género y economía de la familia, en el marco de la economía aplicada y con especial énfasis en un país en desarrollo. El primer capítulo de mi tesis contribuye a la literatura de políticas fiscales y transferencias inter- generacionales. El segundo capítulo contribuye a la literatura sobre los efectos de la com- posición sexual de los hijos en el comportamiento de los padres y cómo puede afectar el desarrollo cognitivo y no cognitivo de los niños y niñas. El tercer capítulo contribuye a la literatura sobre género y economía de la familia. El primer capítulo, en coautoría con Rómulo A. Chumacero, desarrolla un modelo de ciclos económicos de una economía pequeña y abierta a la movilidad de internacional del trabajo y agentes heterogéneos, con especial atención a los impuestos y las políticas de transferencia. La migración se produce como resultado del problema de maximización de las familias y, combinada con las remesas, hace posible la suavización del consumo. Este trabajo muestra cómo las transferencias del gobierno a los jóvenes y a los mayores, financiadas con impuestos distorsionantes, impulsan la migración de las personas en edad de trabajar y, entre éstas, a algunos de los miembros más calificados de la economía. El modelo se calibra para que coincida con la movilidad laboral en varios grupos de edad y nivel de calificación, así como con la dinámica del ciclo agregado de la economía uruguaya, incluidas las transferencias del gobierno y la volatilidad de la migración. El segundo capítulo investiga cómo el sexo del segundo hermano afecta al desarrollo cognitivo y no cognitivo del primer hijo y al comportamiento de los padres cuando los niños tienen una media de 52 meses (y no más de 66 meses) en Uruguay. Dado que este trabajo analiza a los niños en edades muy tempranas, es poco probable que las influencias entre hermanos desempeñen un rol importante en los resultados cognitivos y no cognitivos, brindando una oportunidad para aislar los efectos que surgen puramente a través del comportamiento de los padres. La estrategia de identificación supera el sesgo en las preferencias de los padres sobre la composición del sexo de los hijos debido a la aleatoriedad del sexo del segundo hijo. Los resultados muestran que tener un segundo hermano varón, relativo a tener una segunda hermana, afecta negativamente el desarrollo motor y el desarrollo no cognitivo del primer hijo, pero no afecta de forma diferenciada el desarrollo de la primer hija. Los principales mecanismos que podrían explicar las diferencias observadas entre los primeros hijos e hijas son: la menor probabilidad de vivir con ambos padres biológicos, la menor inversión de los padres en tiempo de calidad y la menor probabilidad de que asistan a la escuela pre-escolar. El tercer capítulo analiza a través de la oferta de trabajo de hombres y mujeres, el poder de negociación al interior de hogares en parejas heterosexuales, que difieren en normas sociales respecto a la división del trabajo doméstico y que son clasificados como tradicionales, igualitarios y no tradicionales. Los datos de Uruguay muestran que los hogares son sensibles a cambios en el poder de negociación, medidos por la diferencia de ingresos no laborales entre los miembros de la pareja y el hecho de estar casados. Los resultados sugieren que un hombre relativamente más rico tiene mayor poder de negociación y ofrece menos horas al mercado de trabajo, y lo contrario ocurre con su pareja. Además, el hecho de estar casado reduce la oferta de trabajo de las mujeres y aumenta la de los hombres en los hogares igualitarios. Estos resultados son robustos a la corrección por sesgo de selección en el mercado laboral. Por último, los hogares menos normativos en materia de género asignan una mayor parte de los ingresos no laborales a las mujeres tras el proceso de negociación.
2022 | |
Migration Heterogeneous agents DSGE Transfers Siblings Sex composition Childhood development Family structure Collective models of labor supply Intra-household bargaining Gender Social norms Migración Agentes heterogéneos Transferencias Hermanos Composición sexual Desarrollo infantil Estructura familiar Modelos colectivos de oferta de trabajo Negociación intrahogar Género Normas sociales ECONOMIA |
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Inglés | |
Universidad de la República | |
COLIBRI | |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/32490 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0) |
Sumario: | This thesis consists of three essays about migration, gender, and family economics, within the framework of applied economics and with a special focus on a developing country. The first essay of my thesis contributes to the literature on fiscal policies and intergenerational transfers. The second essay contributes to the literature on the effects of children’s sex composition on parental behavior and how it may affect children’s cognitive and non-cognitive development. The third essay contributes to the literature on gender and family economics. The first chapter, co-authored with Rómulo A. Chumacero, develops a business cycle model of a small open economy with heterogeneous agents and international labor mobility, with a particular focus on taxes and transfer policies. Migration occurs as a result of the maximization problem of families and, combined with remittances, makes consumption smoothing possible. This paper shows how transfers from the government to young people and elders, funded with distortionary taxes, prompt the migration of people of working age and, among them, some of the most skilled members of the economy. The model is calibrated to match labor mobility in various age-skill groups and aggregate cycle dynamics of the Uruguayan economy, including government transfers and migration volatility. The second chapter investigates how the gender of the second-born sibling affects first- born cognitive and non-cognitive development and their parental treatment when children are on average 52 months (and not older than 66 months) in Uruguay. Since the study looks at children at a very early age, sibling-to-sibling influences are unlikely to play a role and hence an opportunity to isolate effects that arise purely via parental treatment. The identification strategy overcomes parental preferences’ bias of children’s sex composition due to the randomness of the sex of the second-born child. Results show that first-born boys who have a same-sex younger sibling have lower levels of motor skills and non-cognitive development. In contrast, first-born girls are not affected by having a younger sister or brother. The main drivers of the differences between first-born boys and girls are the lower probability of boys living with both biological parents, less investment of parents in their quality time, and a reduced likelihood of attending preschool. The third chapter analyzes the impact of intra-household bargaining on the labor supply of heterosexual couples with different divisions of domestic work. The objective is to compare the decision-making process in families with egalitarian, traditional, and non-traditional gender role attitudes towards the division of domestic work. Data from Uruguay shows that couples of all types are sensitive to bargaining power shifts, as measured by the non-labor income difference between cohabiting partners and married couples. Results suggest that a relatively rich male has more bargaining power and supplies less labor, and the opposite is true for his partner. In addition, being married reduces the labor supply of women and increases that of men in egalitarian households. These results are robust to selection into employment correction. Finally, less gender-normative households assign a larger share of non-labor income to women after the negotiation process. |
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