Mesosaur taxonomy reappraisal: are Stereosternum and Brazilosaurus valid taxa?

Piñeiro Martínez, Graciela H. - Ferigolo, Jorge - Mones, Alvaro - Núñez Demarco, Pablo Andrés

Resumen:

Mesosaurs are basal amniotes that lived at the beginning of the Permian or close to the Permo–Carboniferous boundary. Despite the several hundred specimens that have been found, including complete skeletons of adult and juvenile individuals, mesosaur taxonomy has been subjected to a high controversy over time. Currently, three monotypic genera, Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, Stereosternum tumidum Cope, and Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki are recognized, but identification of new specimens using the available diagnostic characters are arbitrary and influenced by high subjectivity. We performed anatomical and morphometric analyses to look for statistical support to these previously suggested basic diagnostic characters through an exhaustive anatomical revision of these characters and also of some new attributes discovered during the course of our study. We found a notable influence of taphonomic features in most of the diagnostic characters used to differentiate the three monotypic genera, including strong bias derived from the preservation of individuals in different ontogenetic stages, whose size and degree of ossification could have been controlled by particular environmental conditions that resulted in subtle polymorphisms of these and other few characters. Other features may even represent sexual dimorphism. After the detailed revision of the type specimens of the three currently acepted mesosaur taxa, for which we include here good-quality photographs, and considering the lack of statistical support for the most applied putative diagnostic features such as the different ratio found when comparing skull and cervical region lengths and the low or higher intensity of pachyosteosclerosis observed in dorsal ribs, which can be controlled by taphonomic and ecological conditions, we recognize Mesosaurus as the only mesosaurid taxon in the Paraná and Karoo basins, probably including dwarf individuals. Therefore, S. tumidum and B. sanpauloensis are suggested here as nomina dubia taking into account that the autapomorphies that supported these taxa cannot be confirmed to be absent in Mesosaurus.


Mesossauros são amniotas basais que viveram no início do Permiano ou próximo ao limite Permo–Carbonífero. A despeito das centenas de espécimes encontrados, incluindo esqueletos completos de indivíduos adultos e juvenis, a taxonomia dos mesossauros tem sido tema de muita controvérsia ao longo do tempo. Hoje, três gêneros monotípicos, Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, Stereosternum tumidum Cope, e Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki são reconhecidos, mas a identificação de novos espécimes utilizando os caracteres diagnósticos disponíveis é arbitrária e influenciada por alta subjetividade. Nós realizamos análises anatômica e morfométrica, tendo em vista obter um suporte estatístico para estes caracteres sugeridos como diagnósticos básicos por meio de uma exaustiva revisão anatômica destes caracteres, e de alguns novos caracteres descobertos durante o desenvolvimento de nosso estudo. Nós notamos uma notável influência de fatores tafonômicos na maioria dos caracteres diagnósticos utilizados para os três táxons monotípicos e incluindo uma forte preconcepção derivada da preservação dos indivíduos em diferentes estágios ontogenéticos, cujos tamanho e grau de ossificação poderiam ser controlados por condições ambientais que resultaram em sutis polimorfismos destes poucos caracteres. Outros aspectos podem mesmo representar dimorfismo sexual. Considerando a falta de suporte estatístico para a maioria dos putativos caracteres diagnósticos, tais como as diferentes relações entre comprimento do crânio e da coluna cervical e a pressão das condições tafonômicas e ecológicas, que podem ter controlado um menor ou maior grau de paquiosteoesclerose nas costelas dorsais, nós reconhecemos Mesosaurus como o único táxon de mesosaurídeo nas bacias do Paraná e Karoo, provavelmente incluindo populações anãs, e sugerimos que S. tumidum e B. sanpauloensis devem ser considerados como nomen dubium, levando em conta que as autapomorfias que suportam estes táxons não podem ser confirmadas como não estando presentes em Mesosaurus.


Detalles Bibliográficos
2021
Mesosaurus
Morphometrics
Taxonomy
?Early Permian
Gondwana
Inglés
Universidad de la República
COLIBRI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/41441
Acceso abierto
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución (CC - By 4.0)
Resumen:
Sumario:Mesosaurs are basal amniotes that lived at the beginning of the Permian or close to the Permo–Carboniferous boundary. Despite the several hundred specimens that have been found, including complete skeletons of adult and juvenile individuals, mesosaur taxonomy has been subjected to a high controversy over time. Currently, three monotypic genera, Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, Stereosternum tumidum Cope, and Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis Shikama & Ozaki are recognized, but identification of new specimens using the available diagnostic characters are arbitrary and influenced by high subjectivity. We performed anatomical and morphometric analyses to look for statistical support to these previously suggested basic diagnostic characters through an exhaustive anatomical revision of these characters and also of some new attributes discovered during the course of our study. We found a notable influence of taphonomic features in most of the diagnostic characters used to differentiate the three monotypic genera, including strong bias derived from the preservation of individuals in different ontogenetic stages, whose size and degree of ossification could have been controlled by particular environmental conditions that resulted in subtle polymorphisms of these and other few characters. Other features may even represent sexual dimorphism. After the detailed revision of the type specimens of the three currently acepted mesosaur taxa, for which we include here good-quality photographs, and considering the lack of statistical support for the most applied putative diagnostic features such as the different ratio found when comparing skull and cervical region lengths and the low or higher intensity of pachyosteosclerosis observed in dorsal ribs, which can be controlled by taphonomic and ecological conditions, we recognize Mesosaurus as the only mesosaurid taxon in the Paraná and Karoo basins, probably including dwarf individuals. Therefore, S. tumidum and B. sanpauloensis are suggested here as nomina dubia taking into account that the autapomorphies that supported these taxa cannot be confirmed to be absent in Mesosaurus.