Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) protein is a tumour suppressor that inhibits translation through the mTOR dependent initiation factor EIF4A, but its functional role and mRNA targets in neurons remain largely unknown. Our work identified that PDCD4 is highly expressed in axons and dendrites of CNS and PNS neurons, with loss and gain of function experiments in cortical and dorsal root ganglia primary neurons demonstrating the capacity of PDCD4 to negatively control axonal growth. To explore PDCD4 transcriptome and translatome targets we used Ribo-Seq and uncovered a list of potential targets with known functions as axon/neurite outgrowth regulators. In addition, we observed that PDCD4 can be locally synthesized in adult axons in vivo and its levels decrease at the site of peripheral nerve injury and before nerve regeneration. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PDCD4 can act as a new regulator of axonal growth via the selective control of translation, providing a target mechanism for axon regeneration and neuronal plasticity processes in neurons.