Modular architecture for ultra low power switched-capacitor DC-DC converters
Supervisor(es): Silveira, Fernando - Eirea, Gabriel
Resumen:
This work presents a novel architecture for a step down Switched Capacitor Converter for Ultra Low Power applications such as implantable devices,Wireless Sensor Nodes, portable devices, etc. The objective is to supply energy to digital circuits such as micro-controllers using the Dynamic Voltage Scaling technique that allows to optimize the trade-off between performance and consumption. Other important applications of this type of converters are the newest technologies where the transistors are not able to tolerate the voltage provided by the different types of batteries. The more conversion ratios the converter has the better to apply the Dynamic Voltage Scaling technique it is. This is because different performance levels in digital circuits need different supply voltages to minimize the power consumption while achieving the needed performance. In the literature there are some works in the area, all of them with the particularity of having a rigid architecture based on particular configurations for each conversion level. This makes this type of converters not suitable for adding easily more conversion ratios. The architecture proposed in this work has the particularity of being modular and being able to easily add new conversion ratios if necessary. Each module (named Basic Capacitor Cell) is composed by a capacitor and a fourswitch configuration. The number of modules used in the converter defines the number of conversion ratios. The Basic Capacitor Cells are connected in a ring configuration that can be opened in each node to connect the supply voltage. Then the load is connected to one of the intermediate nodes. Given the modularity of the converter a general numerical model was developed. This model allows to predict the performance of the converter for an arbitrary number of conversion ratios. As the model uses some data extracted from electrical simulation and some parameters of the technology, it can easily be used for any technology. The model is suitable to make design space exploration and avoid long electrical simulations times. A four-conversion-ratios converter was developed and electrically simulated in the technology On Semi 0,5μm with an input voltage of 2,8V . The peak efficiency achieved is 78%. This performance is similar to the one achieved by existing works in the literature. The logic was implemented but not the control loop. A novel technique to improve the losses in parasitic capacitances was proposed and simulated. This technique makes a redistribution of the charge between the parasitic capacitances that need to lose energy and those that need to gain energy. Since parasitic capacitances losses are dominant in this architecture.
Este trabajo presenta una arquitectura novedosa para la implementacion de convertidores DC-DC de condensadores conmutados de Ultra Bajo Consumo para aplicaciones como dispositivos implantables, redes de sensores inalambricos, dispositivos portatiles, entre otros. El objetivo es suministrar energia a circuitos digitales tales como microcontroladores usando la tecnica de escalado dinamico de voltaje que permite manejar el compromiso entre la performance y el consumo del circuito. Otra importante aplicacion de este tipo de convertidores es para las nuevas tecnologias donde los transistores no soportan el voltaje entregado por los distintos tipos de pilas. Cuantos mas niveles de conversion tenga el convertidor mejor se puede aplicar la tecnica de escalado dinamico de voltaje. Esto es porque diferentes niveles de performance de un circuito digital necesitan diferentes voltajes de alimentacion para minimizar la potencia disipada alcanzando la performance necesaria. Existen algunos trabajos en el area, todos ellos tienen la particularidad de utilizar arquitecturas rigidas basadas en configuraciones particulares para cada nivel de conversion. Esto hace que este tipo de convertidores no sea apropiado para aumentar facilmente la cantidad de niveles de conversion. La arquitectura propuesta en este trabajo tiene la particularidad de ser modular y permite facilmente agregar mas niveles de conversion si fuera necesario, a la vez que simplifica el dise?ada modulo esta compuesto por un condensador y una configuracion de cuatro switches. El numero de modulos usado en el convertidor define el numero de niveles de conversion. Los modulos son conectados en forma de anillo el cual puede ser abierto en cualquiera de los nodos con el fin de conectar la fuente de alimentacion. Luego la carga es conectada a uno de los nodos intermedios del anillo segun el nivel de conversion deseado. Dada la modularidad del convertidor un modelo numerico general fue desarrollado. Este modelo permite tener una prediccion de la performance del convertidor para un numero arbitrario de niveles de conversion. Dado que el modelo utiliza datos extraidos de simulaciones electricas y algunos parametros de la tecnologia, facilmente puede ser usado para cualquier tecnologia. El modelo es apropiado para realizar exploraciones del espacio de dise? evitar los prolongados tiempos de las simulaciones electricas. Un convertidor de cuatro niveles de conversion fue desarrollado y simulado a nivel electrico en la tecnologia On Semi 0,5µm con un voltaje de alimentacion de 2,8V . El pico de eficiencia alcanzado es de 78%. Esta performance es similar a la alcanzada por los trabajos existentes en la literatura. Para este convertidor la logica fue implementado, pero no el lazo de control que fija la tension de salida. Una novedosa tecnica para disminuir las perdidas en las capacidades parasitas fue propuesta y simulada. Dicha tecnica realiza una redistribucion de la carga entre las capacidades parasitas que necesitan perder energia y aquellas que necesitan ganarla. Dado que las perdidas en las capacidades parasitas son dominantes en esta arquitectura, una mejora significativa fue lograda en la eficiencia a partir de la aplicacion de esta tecnica.
2012 | |
Ultra low power Switched capacitor converter Dynamic voltage scaling Power management DC-DC converter |
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Inglés | |
Universidad de la República | |
COLIBRI | |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/2890 | |
Acceso abierto | |
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución – No Comercial – Sin Derivadas (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
Sumario: | This work presents a novel architecture for a step down Switched Capacitor Converter for Ultra Low Power applications such as implantable devices,Wireless Sensor Nodes, portable devices, etc. The objective is to supply energy to digital circuits such as micro-controllers using the Dynamic Voltage Scaling technique that allows to optimize the trade-off between performance and consumption. Other important applications of this type of converters are the newest technologies where the transistors are not able to tolerate the voltage provided by the different types of batteries. The more conversion ratios the converter has the better to apply the Dynamic Voltage Scaling technique it is. This is because different performance levels in digital circuits need different supply voltages to minimize the power consumption while achieving the needed performance. In the literature there are some works in the area, all of them with the particularity of having a rigid architecture based on particular configurations for each conversion level. This makes this type of converters not suitable for adding easily more conversion ratios. The architecture proposed in this work has the particularity of being modular and being able to easily add new conversion ratios if necessary. Each module (named Basic Capacitor Cell) is composed by a capacitor and a fourswitch configuration. The number of modules used in the converter defines the number of conversion ratios. The Basic Capacitor Cells are connected in a ring configuration that can be opened in each node to connect the supply voltage. Then the load is connected to one of the intermediate nodes. Given the modularity of the converter a general numerical model was developed. This model allows to predict the performance of the converter for an arbitrary number of conversion ratios. As the model uses some data extracted from electrical simulation and some parameters of the technology, it can easily be used for any technology. The model is suitable to make design space exploration and avoid long electrical simulations times. A four-conversion-ratios converter was developed and electrically simulated in the technology On Semi 0,5μm with an input voltage of 2,8V . The peak efficiency achieved is 78%. This performance is similar to the one achieved by existing works in the literature. The logic was implemented but not the control loop. A novel technique to improve the losses in parasitic capacitances was proposed and simulated. This technique makes a redistribution of the charge between the parasitic capacitances that need to lose energy and those that need to gain energy. Since parasitic capacitances losses are dominant in this architecture. |
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