Essays on the gold standard: the case of Uruguay

Díaz Steinberg, Gastón Manuel

Supervisor(es): Herranz-Loncán, Alfonso - Flores Zendejas, Juan

Resumen:

The objective of this thesis is to explore how Uruguay adhered to the gold standard for 38 years almost without interruption. This requires examining two related aspects. The first regards how the gold standard actually operated in Uruguay. What were the specific factors that allowed the banks to maintain the convertibility of notes? What tools were available to deal with economic volatility? The second aspect relates to the consequences of gold standard adherence. In other words, what were the benefits and the costs of a fixed exchange rate for the Uruguayan economy? Chapter 2 examines the issue of the rules of the game under a multiple currency issuing bank system, focusing on the actions of specific banks. Chapter 3 takes a macro level approach, looking at one of the main sources of external volatility, capital flows, and analyzes how the balance of payments and the money supply adjusted to changes in this variable. Chapter 4 looks more closely at one episode of capital inflows, the leadup to the 1890 crisis (also known as the Baring Crisis), comparing Uruguay to its neighbor, Argentina, which experienced a similar boom and crisis. The results of this thesis show that, in general terms, gold standard adherence placed important limits on a peripheral country like Uruguay. Over the long run, the rules of the game had to be respected, meaning the money supply had to stay in line with gold reserves. However, some bank may have tried to cushion the effects of external volatility by managing their balance sheets countercyclically, with economy-wide effects. In addition, the fixed exchange rate may have offered certain advantages beyond those commonly highlighted by the literature (ease of trade and access to capital markets on better terms). The gold standard allowed the government to avoid the erosion of fiscal revenues caused by currency depreciation. Strict convertibility forced banks to manage reserves prudently; this in turn may have attracted gold to Uruguay its neighbor, Argentina, that was on inconvertible paper currency.


El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar cómo Uruguay pudo adherirse al patrón oro por 38 años casi sin interrupción. Esto requiere examinar dos aspectos relacionados. El primero refiere a cómo el patrón oro efectivamente operó en Uruguay. ¿Cuáles fueron los factores específicos que permitieron a los bancos mantener la convertibilidad de sus billetes? ¿Qué herramientas estaban disponibles para enfrentar la volatilidad económica? El segundo aspecto se relaciona con los beneficios y los costos del tipo de cambio fijo para la economía uruguaya. El capítulo 2 examina el tema de las reglas del juego en un sistema de banca libre, poniendo el foco en la acción de bancos específicos. El capítulo 3 aborda el nivel macro, mirando una de las principales fuentes de volatilidad externa, los flujos de capital, y analiza cómo la balanza de pagos y los agregados monetarios reaccionaban a cambios en esta variable. El capítulo 4 mira más de cerca un episodio de entrada de capitales, los años anteriores a la crisis de 1890 (también conocida como la Crisis de Baring), y compara con su vecino, Argentina, quien experimentó un boom y crisis similar al de Uruguay. Los resultados de esta tesis muestran que, en términos generales, el patrón oro implicaba limites importantes para un país periférico como Uruguay. En el largo plazo, las reglas del juego tenían que ser respetadas, implicando que la oferta monetaria tenía que mantenerse en línea con las reservas de oro. Sin embargo, es posible que algunos bancos intentaron amortiguar los efectos de la volatilidad externa, manejando sus balances de forma contra cíclica, con impactos para la economía en su conjunto. Además, el tipo de cambio fijo puede haber brindado a Uruguay ciertas ventajas más allá de las que son comúnmente señaladas en la literatura (más facilidad en el comercio internacional y mejor acceso a mercados de capitales). El patrón oro permitió que el gobierno evite la erosión de ingresos fiscales que sería causada por la depreciación cambiaria. La convertibilidad estricta obligó a los bancos a manejar sus reservas de forma prudente; esto posiblemente hizo que llegara oro a Uruguay del país vecino, Argentina, que operaba una moneda papel inconvertible.


Detalles Bibliográficos
2023
Gold standard
Banks
Fixed exchange rates
Balance of payments
patrón oro
Bancos
Tipo de cambio fijo
Balanza de pagos
Uruguay
PATRON ORO
SISTEMAS MONETARIOS
CONVERTIBILIDAD
BANCOS
TIPO DE CAMBIO
BALANZA DE PAGOS
Inglés
Universidad de la República
COLIBRI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/36870
Acceso abierto
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0)
Resumen:
Sumario:The objective of this thesis is to explore how Uruguay adhered to the gold standard for 38 years almost without interruption. This requires examining two related aspects. The first regards how the gold standard actually operated in Uruguay. What were the specific factors that allowed the banks to maintain the convertibility of notes? What tools were available to deal with economic volatility? The second aspect relates to the consequences of gold standard adherence. In other words, what were the benefits and the costs of a fixed exchange rate for the Uruguayan economy? Chapter 2 examines the issue of the rules of the game under a multiple currency issuing bank system, focusing on the actions of specific banks. Chapter 3 takes a macro level approach, looking at one of the main sources of external volatility, capital flows, and analyzes how the balance of payments and the money supply adjusted to changes in this variable. Chapter 4 looks more closely at one episode of capital inflows, the leadup to the 1890 crisis (also known as the Baring Crisis), comparing Uruguay to its neighbor, Argentina, which experienced a similar boom and crisis. The results of this thesis show that, in general terms, gold standard adherence placed important limits on a peripheral country like Uruguay. Over the long run, the rules of the game had to be respected, meaning the money supply had to stay in line with gold reserves. However, some bank may have tried to cushion the effects of external volatility by managing their balance sheets countercyclically, with economy-wide effects. In addition, the fixed exchange rate may have offered certain advantages beyond those commonly highlighted by the literature (ease of trade and access to capital markets on better terms). The gold standard allowed the government to avoid the erosion of fiscal revenues caused by currency depreciation. Strict convertibility forced banks to manage reserves prudently; this in turn may have attracted gold to Uruguay its neighbor, Argentina, that was on inconvertible paper currency.