GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation

Bello, Federico - Chiarlone, Gonzalo - Fiori, Marcelo - García González, Gastón - Larroca, Federico

Resumen:

There is growing interest in applying graph-based methods to Time Series Anomaly Detection (TSAD), particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), as they naturally model dependencies among multivariate signals. GNNs are typically used as backbones in score-based TSAD pipelines, where anomalies are identified through reconstruction or prediction errors followed by thresholding. However, and despite promising results, the field still lacks standardized frameworks for evaluation and suffers from persistent issues with metric design and interpretation. We thus present an open-source framework for TSAD using GNNs, designed to support reproducible experimentation across datasets, graph structures, and evaluation strategies. Built with flexibility and extensibility in mind, the framework facilitates systematic comparisons between TSAD models and enables in-depth analysis of performance and interpretability. Using this tool, we evaluate several GNN-based architectures alongside baseline models across two real-world datasets with contrasting structural characteristics. Our results show that GNNs not only improve detection performance but also offer significant gains in interpretability, an especially valuable feature for practical diagnosis. We also find that attention-based GNNs offer robustness when graph structure is uncertain or inferred. In addition, we reflect on common evaluation practices in TSAD, showing how certain metrics and thresholding strategies can obscure meaningful comparisons. Overall, this work contributes both practical tools and critical insights to advance the development and evaluation of graph-based TSAD systems.

Detalles Bibliográficos
2026
Multivariate Time Series
Graph Neural Networks
Evaluation Metrics
Score-based Anomaly Detection
Methodological Assessment
Inglés
Universidad de la República
COLIBRI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/54348
Acceso abierto
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0)
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author Bello, Federico
author2 Chiarlone, Gonzalo
Fiori, Marcelo
García González, Gastón
Larroca, Federico
author2_role author
author
author
author
author_facet Bello, Federico
Chiarlone, Gonzalo
Fiori, Marcelo
García González, Gastón
Larroca, Federico
author_role author
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dc.contributor.filiacion.none.fl_str_mv Bello Federico, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.
Chiarlone Gonzalo, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.
Fiori Marcelo, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.
García González Gastón, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.
Larroca Federico, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Bello, Federico
Chiarlone, Gonzalo
Fiori, Marcelo
García González, Gastón
Larroca, Federico
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2026-04-14T17:50:37Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2026-04-14T17:50:37Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.description.abstract.none.fl_txt_mv There is growing interest in applying graph-based methods to Time Series Anomaly Detection (TSAD), particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), as they naturally model dependencies among multivariate signals. GNNs are typically used as backbones in score-based TSAD pipelines, where anomalies are identified through reconstruction or prediction errors followed by thresholding. However, and despite promising results, the field still lacks standardized frameworks for evaluation and suffers from persistent issues with metric design and interpretation. We thus present an open-source framework for TSAD using GNNs, designed to support reproducible experimentation across datasets, graph structures, and evaluation strategies. Built with flexibility and extensibility in mind, the framework facilitates systematic comparisons between TSAD models and enables in-depth analysis of performance and interpretability. Using this tool, we evaluate several GNN-based architectures alongside baseline models across two real-world datasets with contrasting structural characteristics. Our results show that GNNs not only improve detection performance but also offer significant gains in interpretability, an especially valuable feature for practical diagnosis. We also find that attention-based GNNs offer robustness when graph structure is uncertain or inferred. In addition, we reflect on common evaluation practices in TSAD, showing how certain metrics and thresholding strategies can obscure meaningful comparisons. Overall, this work contributes both practical tools and critical insights to advance the development and evaluation of graph-based TSAD systems.
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dc.identifier.citation.es.fl_str_mv Bello, F., Chiarlone, G., Fiori, M. y otros. GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation [en línea]. EN: ICPRAM 2026 : 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, Marbella, Spain, 02-04 mar. 2026, pp. 1-9.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/54348
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv en
eng
dc.publisher.es.fl_str_mv ICPRAM
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv ICPRAM 2026 : 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, Marbella, Spain, 02-04 mar. 2026, pp. 1-9.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:COLIBRI
instname:Universidad de la República
instacron:Universidad de la República
dc.subject.es.fl_str_mv Multivariate Time Series
Graph Neural Networks
Evaluation Metrics
Score-based Anomaly Detection
Methodological Assessment
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
dc.type.es.fl_str_mv Ponencia
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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description There is growing interest in applying graph-based methods to Time Series Anomaly Detection (TSAD), particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), as they naturally model dependencies among multivariate signals. GNNs are typically used as backbones in score-based TSAD pipelines, where anomalies are identified through reconstruction or prediction errors followed by thresholding. However, and despite promising results, the field still lacks standardized frameworks for evaluation and suffers from persistent issues with metric design and interpretation. We thus present an open-source framework for TSAD using GNNs, designed to support reproducible experimentation across datasets, graph structures, and evaluation strategies. Built with flexibility and extensibility in mind, the framework facilitates systematic comparisons between TSAD models and enables in-depth analysis of performance and interpretability. Using this tool, we evaluate several GNN-based architectures alongside baseline models across two real-world datasets with contrasting structural characteristics. Our results show that GNNs not only improve detection performance but also offer significant gains in interpretability, an especially valuable feature for practical diagnosis. We also find that attention-based GNNs offer robustness when graph structure is uncertain or inferred. In addition, we reflect on common evaluation practices in TSAD, showing how certain metrics and thresholding strategies can obscure meaningful comparisons. Overall, this work contributes both practical tools and critical insights to advance the development and evaluation of graph-based TSAD systems.
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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identifier_str_mv Bello, F., Chiarlone, G., Fiori, M. y otros. GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation [en línea]. EN: ICPRAM 2026 : 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, Marbella, Spain, 02-04 mar. 2026, pp. 1-9.
instacron_str Universidad de la República
institution Universidad de la República
instname_str Universidad de la República
language eng
language_invalid_str_mv en
network_acronym_str COLIBRI
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oai_identifier_str oai:colibri.udelar.edu.uy:20.500.12008/54348
publishDate 2026
reponame_str COLIBRI
repository.mail.fl_str_mv karina.camps@seciu.edu.uy
repository.name.fl_str_mv COLIBRI - Universidad de la República
repository_id_str 4771
rights_invalid_str_mv Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0)
spelling Bello Federico, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.Chiarlone Gonzalo, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.Fiori Marcelo, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.García González Gastón, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.Larroca Federico, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ingeniería.2026-04-14T17:50:37Z2026-04-14T17:50:37Z2026Bello, F., Chiarlone, G., Fiori, M. y otros. GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation [en línea]. EN: ICPRAM 2026 : 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, Marbella, Spain, 02-04 mar. 2026, pp. 1-9.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/54348There is growing interest in applying graph-based methods to Time Series Anomaly Detection (TSAD), particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), as they naturally model dependencies among multivariate signals. GNNs are typically used as backbones in score-based TSAD pipelines, where anomalies are identified through reconstruction or prediction errors followed by thresholding. However, and despite promising results, the field still lacks standardized frameworks for evaluation and suffers from persistent issues with metric design and interpretation. We thus present an open-source framework for TSAD using GNNs, designed to support reproducible experimentation across datasets, graph structures, and evaluation strategies. Built with flexibility and extensibility in mind, the framework facilitates systematic comparisons between TSAD models and enables in-depth analysis of performance and interpretability. Using this tool, we evaluate several GNN-based architectures alongside baseline models across two real-world datasets with contrasting structural characteristics. Our results show that GNNs not only improve detection performance but also offer significant gains in interpretability, an especially valuable feature for practical diagnosis. We also find that attention-based GNNs offer robustness when graph structure is uncertain or inferred. In addition, we reflect on common evaluation practices in TSAD, showing how certain metrics and thresholding strategies can obscure meaningful comparisons. Overall, this work contributes both practical tools and critical insights to advance the development and evaluation of graph-based TSAD systems.Submitted by Ribeiro Jorge (jribeiro@fing.edu.uy) on 2026-04-13T20:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 27293 bytes, checksum: d62648cf14c1e37917d392ac87012955 (MD5) BCFGL26.pdf: 615129 bytes, checksum: be015073ea44f759b0150f5c2d7cb733 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Machado Jimena (jmachado@fing.edu.uy) on 2026-04-14T17:27:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 27293 bytes, checksum: d62648cf14c1e37917d392ac87012955 (MD5) BCFGL26.pdf: 615129 bytes, checksum: be015073ea44f759b0150f5c2d7cb733 (MD5)Made available in DSpace by Luna Fabiana (fabiana.luna@seciu.edu.uy) on 2026-04-14T17:50:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 27293 bytes, checksum: d62648cf14c1e37917d392ac87012955 (MD5) BCFGL26.pdf: 615129 bytes, checksum: be015073ea44f759b0150f5c2d7cb733 (MD5) Previous issue date: 20269 p.application/pdfenengICPRAMICPRAM 2026 : 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, Marbella, Spain, 02-04 mar. 2026, pp. 1-9.Las obras depositadas en el Repositorio se rigen por la Ordenanza de los Derechos de la Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad de la República.(Res. Nº 91 de C.D.C. de 8/III/1994 – D.O. 7/IV/1994) y por la Ordenanza del Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de la República (Res. Nº 16 de C.D.C. de 07/10/2014)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessLicencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas (CC - By-NC-ND 4.0)Multivariate Time SeriesGraph Neural NetworksEvaluation MetricsScore-based Anomaly DetectionMethodological AssessmentGNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluationPonenciainfo:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObjectinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionreponame:COLIBRIinstname:Universidad de la Repúblicainstacron:Universidad de la RepúblicaBello, FedericoChiarlone, GonzaloFiori, MarceloGarcía González, GastónLarroca, FedericoTelecomunicacionesAnálisis de Redes, Tráficos y Estadísticas de Servicios (ARTES)LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84267http://localhost:8080/xmlui/bitstream/20.500.12008/54348/5/license.txt6429389a7df7277b72b7924fdc7d47a9MD55CC-LICENSElicense_urllicense_urltext/plain; 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- Universidad de la Repúblicafalse
spellingShingle GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
Bello, Federico
Multivariate Time Series
Graph Neural Networks
Evaluation Metrics
Score-based Anomaly Detection
Methodological Assessment
status_str publishedVersion
title GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
title_full GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
title_fullStr GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
title_full_unstemmed GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
title_short GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
title_sort GNNs for time series anomaly detection : An open-source framework and a critical evaluation
topic Multivariate Time Series
Graph Neural Networks
Evaluation Metrics
Score-based Anomaly Detection
Methodological Assessment
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/54348